U.S. report details church & state collusion on Native boarding schools

By PETER SMITH
Associated Press
A new Interior Department report on the legacy of boarding schools  for Native Americans underscores how closely the U.S. government collaborated with churches to Christianize them as part of a project to sever them from their culture, their identities and ultimately their land.

The role of churches forms a secondary part of the Federal Indian Boarding School Initiative Investigative Report, released Wednesday after a yearlong review sparked by the 2021 discoveries of hundreds of potential graves at former residential schools in Canada. Most of it focuses on the government's responsibility for its own officials' actions and policies.

But it details how the government provided funding and other support to religious boarding schools for Native children in the 19th and early 20th centuries to an extent that normally would have been prohibited under rules on separation between church and state. Churches had clout with the government as well, it adds, and were able to recommend people for appointments to federal positions on Native affairs.

While this church-state collaboration is well known to specialists in the field and was the subject of federal reports in past generations, the latest one brings it to a wide audience at a time when many Americans are only beginning to learn about the boarding schools.

The Interior Department report, quoting a 1969 Senate investigation, acknowledges that “federal policy toward the Indian was based on the desire to dispossess him of his land. Education policy was a function of our land policy.''

A core part of that was training Native Americans in vocations that were less land-intensive — though often ill-suited to available jobs — in addition to breaking down tribal ties.

Christian conversion was also key, the report says, citing an 1886 Commissioner for Indian Affairs document that disparaged Native spiritual traditions and said the government should provide ``encouragement and cooperation'' to missionaries.

“The government aid furnished enables them to sustain their missions, and renders it possible ... to lead these people, whose paganism has been the chief obstacle to their civilization into the light of Christianity,'' the commissioner wrote at the time.

This week's report also says the government funded the schools with money held in trust for tribes as compensation for land they ceded. A 1908 Supreme Court ruling held that "the prohibition on the Federal Government to spend funds on religious schools did not apply to Indian treaty funds,'' it notes.

And it says, citing the 1969 Senate investigation, that the U.S. military “was frequently called in to reinforce the missionaries' orders'' in the 19th century.

The report identifies 408 boarding schools for Indigenous children in 37 states and former territories that were either run or supported by the government between 1819 and 1969. While it doesn't say how many were church-run, an earlier report by the National Native American Boarding School Healing Coalition found that more than 150 were, about half each by Catholic and Protestant groups.

At a congressional hearing Thursday on a bill that would authorize a truth-and-healing commission to investigate the boarding schools, modeled on a similar one in Canada, witness Matthew War Bonnet testified about his childhood experience at the St. Francis Boarding School in South Dakota. Priests who ran the facility sought to alienate him from his parents and culture, and at times subjected him to sadistic abuse.

“The boarding schools were sanctioned by the United States Government,'' said War Bonnet, 76, a Sicangu Lakota from the Rosebud Sioux Reservation. "The government gave the churches our lands to Christianize us, modernize us and civilize us. But the churches treated us wrong. ... The government and the churches need to be held accountable.''

The Rev. Bradley Hauff, the Episcopal Church's missioner for Indigenous ministries, who is Lakota and a member of the Oglala Sioux Tribe, said faith groups must confront their history of collaboration on the schools.

“As much as we in the church might not want to acknowledge that, it is the truth, and we have to acknowledge and reckon with it. We did work hand in hand with the government in the assimilation process,'' he said. "Most if not all the Christian denominations that had a presence in America in the late 19th century operated at least one Indigenous boarding school.''

At its General Convention in July, the Episcopal Church plans to vote on probing its role with the  schools and acknowledging its responsibility for causing trauma in generations of Native Americans.

Maka Black Elk, executive director of truth and healing at the Red Cloud Indian School, founded in 1888 by Jesuits in Pine Ridge, South Dakota, agreed that faith groups must reckon with their past. Lakota staffing, language and ritual are central to the modern Red Cloud school, which serves Christians as well as followers of Native spiritual traditions.

“While today we recognize there are many Native people who identify as Christian ... and value that part of their identity, we have to engage deeply with that history,'' he said.

Any evangelism must be “rooted in people's agency and (be) nonviolent,'' added Black Elk, who is Oglala Lakota. "That is a big part of our discussion today. That's a broader question for the greater Catholic church, not just us.''

In April, Pope Francis apologized  at the Vatican to Indigenous delegations from Canada “for the deplorable conduct of those members of the Catholic Church'' in operating the schools, where many children were abused and died from disease and other causes. Francis plans to apologize again on Canadian soil in July.

The Friends Committee on National Legislation, a lobby affiliated with the Quaker movement, which operated multiple boarding schools, said in a statement that this week's Interior report should spur congressional approval of the truth and healing commission.
“
Further, we call on the faith community at large to share records and accounts of their administration of these schools,'' the committee said. “Only through complete honesty and transparency can we begin moving towards a more just future.''

Body of woman found in Lake County tribal wilderness area

POLSON, Mont. (AP) — Lake County officials found the body of a 22-year-old woman and were looking Thursday for a man who was believed to have been arguing with her two days earlier.

Officers responded to a reported disturbance at 9:30 p.m. Tuesday on the east shore of Flathead Lake near Polson, Sheriff Don Bell said. Witnesses reported hearing gunshots.

Officers found a child belonging to Rozlyn Bluemel and the man in a car in the area on Tuesday night.

Bluemel's body was found on Wednesday in a nearby tribal wilderness area, Bell said. The sheriff's office has not said how she died.

A new Oregon mining boom could be a bust for sage grouse

MCDERMITT, Ore. (AP) — Katie Fite crouched behind some waist-high sagebrush, and her dog Bell nestled in the plant's cozy cavity to shield from howling winds.

It was the first Saturday in April, peak mating season for sage grouse on a remote stretch of the Oregon-Nevada border. From where Fite and her dog sat, they could see more than a dozen male grouse displaying their tail feathers and issuing their signature zip-popping call to bring all the girls to the yard.

All around the lek — the flat, open areas where sage grouse congregate during mating season — were wooden stakes marking where mining companies may one day scrape away this crucial habitat to get at the minerals contained in the cake-soft earth of the McDermitt Caldera.

The old supervolcano straddling the state line is laced with some of the highest concentrations of lithium in the United States, making it a prime target for miners and prospectors looking to feed a growing hunger for batteries to store renewable energy and power electric vehicles.

It's also some of the country's best remaining sage grouse habitat, which has declined precipitously in the past century.

“There's still hope for sage grouse here, unlike many other areas,'' Fite, who's monitored sage grouse for decades and now serves as public lands director for the conservation group Wildlands Defense, told Oregon Public Broadcasting. “But it'll be a death knell for sage grouse out here if industrial mega-mining for lithium takes place.''

Just a few years ago, the McDermitt Caldera was off-limits to new mining claims to protect sage grouse. But rule changes under the Trump administration opened the door to extractive industry, and industry walked in.

Multiple companies have staked mining claims in southeast Oregon and are issuing bold statements about the region's lithium prospects to lure investors. Meanwhile, the Biden administration is making a big push to build a stand-alone battery supply chain in the U.S., further filling the mining industry's sails.

The U.S. is heavily reliant on foreign imports of raw materials used in batteries, including lithium. That leaves the supply chain, and thus the country's transition off fossil fuels, vulnerable to geopolitical conflicts like the U.S. trade war with China and Russia's war on Ukraine.

“Clearly, the U.S. needs guaranteed domestic supply,'' said Lindsay Dudfield, executive director of Jindalee Resources Limited, an Australian company exploring a large lithium deposit in Oregon's Malheur County. “And so you've seen bipartisan support for the development of critical minerals projects in the United States growing.''

Companies touting southeast Oregon's mineral potential, including Jindalee, are several years away at the earliest from developing mines if they get to that point at all. Any mine would require state and federal approval that could face legal challenges.

But conservationists like Fite say the damage to sage grouse habitat has already started with exploratory drilling tearing up patches of sagebrush, and that any new mining would be devastating.

“This would represent a total, tragic loss,'' Fite said. “And I believe it has to be stopped.''

Sage grouse need sagebrush to survive. They use the plant for food, brooding and shelter. The birds do best in areas with continuous, abundant sagebrush and minimal to no human disturbance.

Excessive livestock grazing, oil and gas production, residential development, wildfire and mining have chewed away about half of the sage grouse habitat the American West historically supported.

Population declines sent the birds hurtling toward the federal endangered species list before 2015 when U.S. government agencies adopted alternative plans to try to save them.

Among other protections, the sage grouse plans recommended a “mineral withdrawal'' to block new mining claims on 10 million acres of the best remaining habitat in the country — including the McDermitt Caldera.

Sarah Stellberg, a staff attorney for the environmental law firm Advocates for the West, said the decision to keep sage grouse off the endangered species list was predicated on preventing new mines on those acres, called sagebrush focal areas.

“The concern is that if you allow development to go forward that there aren't actually enough concrete mitigation actions to protect the bird in areas that are being mined,'' Stellberg said.

Interior Secretary Sally Jewell, under President Barack Obama, proposed the mineral withdrawal. That triggered a two-year period during which sagebrush focal areas were off-limits to new mining claims while the full proposal underwent environmental review.

But President Donald Trump's first Interior secretary, Ryan Zinke, made quick work of unraveling the sage grouse plans when he took office.

Under Zinke, the Bureau of Land Management allowed the temporary mineral withdrawal to expire and abandoned the environmental review of a permanent mineral withdrawal in 2017, saying “future mining is not a significant threat to sage grouse habitat.''

That decision opened the McDermitt Caldera for business. The industry has responded.

Jindalee currently holds the only permit to explore for lithium in Oregon, but at least two other companies — Aurora Energy Metals and ACME Lithium — have nearby claims they say could hold promising lithium deposits.

Advocates for the West challenged the Trump administration's decision to abandon the mineral withdrawal in court and won. As a result, the BLM is again considering a proposal to block new mining claims in prime sage grouse habitat, but it's unclear how doing so now would affect existing claims in southeast Oregon.

Stellberg said every bit of habitat disrupted by mining or exploration, especially in well-preserved areas like the McDermitt Caldera, sends sage grouse closer to Endangered Species Act protection.

“If this is where we're going to be allowing mines to go forward, then we're left with lower-quality habitat that just can't sustain the number of birds that we need to allow the species to persist,'' Stellberg said.

Fite slung a camera over her shoulder and set out on ranch roads to get an up-close look at the Jindalee mining claim, which covers thousands of acres on the Oregon side of the caldera north of McDermitt Creek.

The company drilled 11 holes in December to try to increase its confidence in the amount of lithium contained in its claim. So far, Jindalee estimates it has the second-largest known lithium deposit in the United States.

Despite extensive mapping and monitoring by state and federal agencies marking the area as key habitat for sage grouse, Lindsay Dudfield says Jindalee is not aware of birds lekking on its claim.

“We understand that there are no sage grouse leks on our claims,'' Dudfield said in an email, adding that the company still does not drill in winter or spring to minimize impact on breeding.

Signs of sage grouse are everywhere in the claim area, from stray feathers poking out of the dirt to piles of the birds' Cheeto-like scat. Not to mention the nearby leks. Fite says neither Jindalee nor the government agencies regulating its activity have taken the time to look for sage grouse on the claim.

Over the course of multiple visits, Fite has documented new roadlets created by heavy machinery, piles of dead sagebrush and trash. She called the damage from exploratory drilling “classic habitat fragmentation'' that, even if legal and permitted, is terrible for the sage grouse. Breaks in the continuous carpet of sagebrush can, for instance, invite fire-prone invasive plants like cheatgrass.

“They're gonna destroy the habitat in the exploration alone before they even get to the mining,'' Fite said.

Fite faults the BLM for allowing mineral exploration to go forward in such sensitive habitat when the agency's charge under the 2015 federal sage grouse plans is to protect the birds. BLM spokesperson Brian Hires confirmed in an email that Jindalee's claims are within a sagebrush focal area, the agency's label for the best of the best sage grouse habitat.

However, because the Trump administration scrapped the proposed mineral withdrawal in 2017, “these lands have been open'' to new mining claims, Hires said.

BLM regulations say any company exploring for minerals just needs to notify the agency of planned drilling activity at least 15 days before work begins. That's if the amount of land disturbed is less than five acres. Anything more than that, and the BLM must approve a more detailed plan accounting for impacts to land, water and wildlife.

Dudfield said all of the company's exploration activities are reviewed by BLM and the Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries to ensure compliance with environmental regulations. He added that Jindalee is conducting environmental and cultural studies to help it avoid sensitive areas.

Experts argue mining regulations have not kept up with the industry.

The law governing most mining and prospecting on public lands is 150 years old. Thea Riofrancos, an associate professor of political science at Providence College and an expert on lithium extraction, says the General Mining Law of 1872 is woefully out of date when it comes to the environmental and social impacts of modern mining.

“It actually explicitly encourages prospecting in ways that can harm the ecosystems of public lands,'' Riofrancos said, adding that those lands are often in close proximity to Native American reservations.

Riofrancos has closely studied mining in Latin America, which includes some of the world's biggest producers of raw battery materials such as lithium and copper.

As governments there have pushed to expand the mining industry, she's found it's come at a tremendous environmental and human cost. Riofrancos said that though the U.S. has stronger protections for the environment, labor and people, mining is just as disruptive here as it is anywhere.

“We're looking at a very invasive economic sector that is among the most environmentally destructive in the world,'' Riofrancos said.

Riofrancos said the U.S. needs to envision a transition off fossil fuels that minimizes the amount of material coming out of the ground.

President Joe Biden has been cautious about encouraging new mining even as he's taken a number of steps to support battery production in the U.S., most recently invoking a Cold War-era law to speed up the process.

Biden said at a White House event on critical minerals in February that the nation needs to “avoid the historical injustices that too many mining operations left behind in American towns.''

The Department of the Interior has formed a working group to potentially overhaul the federal mining law. Some lawmakers, including Democratic Sen. Ron Wyden of Oregon, are promoting bills to improve cleanup operations at former mine sites and encourage more recycling of battery materials.

During a virtual town hall in March, Wyden said new mining projects can be carried out “without throwing environmental laws in the trash can.''

Several abandoned mines dot the McDermitt Caldera, including the Opalite mercury mine constructed in the 1920s. Warning signs stand before gaping pits, crumbling structures and huge piles of toxic waste.

People used to haul away truckloads of the contaminated gravel to use as fill for roads and driveways in the border town of McDermitt and on the Fort McDermitt Indian Reservation, eventually requiring a $1.2 million Superfund cleanup.

The mine predated most environmental regulations in place today, but mineral extraction itself is still extremely damaging _ and in some cases done at a much larger scale. Opalite is a speck relative to the acres upon acres of adjacent mining claims.

“This is tiny compared to the devastation that would be wrought by lithium mining here,'' said Fite, standing at the old mine's gate.

Achieving climate goals like electrifying vehicle fleets and increasing renewable energy production will require lithium and other raw materials. Some in Oregon and elsewhere in the country are eager to see the jobs and economic development that would accompany a new mining boom.

Many conservationists acknowledge that some new extraction may be necessary to meet future demand for these materials, but they're urging government officials to be extremely cautious about where new mines are located.

Fite says mining in southeast Oregon, even for a metal as critical to fighting climate change as lithium, would be disastrous.

“You don't save the planet by tearing up intact wildland ecosystems,'' Fite said.

The flurry of mining claims and exploration on the Oregon-Nevada border has galvanized conservation groups like Fite's and Native American tribes. They're lining up to defend the landscape from new mining, particularly the Jindalee project and the proposed Thacker Pass lithium mine in Nevada.

Dudfield estimates Jindalee is at least five years and a lot of work away from proposing a mine if it ever does.

“At any fork in the road, there can be a roadblock that stops you,'' Dudfield said. “The lithium price could fall. There could be some sort of permitting issue that arises. And so we can't just flick a switch and produce lithium immediately.''
Sage grouse could be a big roadblock.

The birds have continued to suffer, despite efforts to save them. A report published last year by the U.S. Geological Survey says the sage grouse population has dropped 80% since 1965, and about half those losses have come in the past two decades alone.

Jindalee has paused its mineral exploration in southeast Oregon until summer, and sage grouse are holding court on the sprawling high desert landscape. For now, the McDermitt Caldera still vibrates at daybreak with the ploinking song of this iconic Western bird.

The old supervolcano straddling the state line is laced with some of the highest concentrations of lithium in the United States, making it a prime target for miners and prospectors looking to feed a growing hunger for batteries to store renewable energy and power electric vehicles.